This study presented evidence about the immunomodulation function of CHA in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. In CHA responsive patients, CHA may change the gene expression and upregulate the immune system activity to inhibit tumor development, thereby making it a potential antitumor drug.

Our study provides an insight into the metabolism of CHA injection in humans and supports the clinical human mass balance study. The results showed that M3 and M4 had various interactions against malignant glioma-related targets.

Overall these findings indicated CHA as a potential therapeutic approach to reduce glioma growth through promoting M1-polarized macrophage and inhibiting M2 phenotypic macrophage.